During transcription, the genetic code in DNA is rewritten into mRNA. From there the mRNA is rendered into proteins through translation. The mRNA code is read using codons. To learn more about the genetic code and codons, [[visit the Genetic Code room|Genetic Code]]. To learn more about transcription, [[visit the Transcription room|Transcription]].\n\nYou may also [[return to the Translation room|Translation]].
Welcome to the Transcription room. This room is based off of the research done by 2013 Biology 2 student Zach Meyer.\n\nThe second step of the [[Central Dogma is transcription|Central dogma]]. Transcription is the process of taking a DNA template strand and using it to create a mRNA compliment.\n\n<html><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/104452537@N03/10122797324/" title="Zach 3 by eekaner, on Flickr"><img src="http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7431/10122797324_6c5153fbf3.jpg" width="301" height="431" alt="Zach 3"></a></html>\n\nThe transcription process can be broken down into 4 main parts. Template binding, initiation, elongation, and termination. Template binding involves the transcription factors binding to the promoter region of the DNA template. The [[transcription factors|Transcription factors]] include the following: IIB, TAFs, TBP, IIA, Pol II, IIF, IIH, II I and IIE along with an enhancer if provided. Then enhancer is located upstream of the initiation site when present and will speed up the process if signaled to. The signal can come from a need of certain [[proteins|Proteins]] to be created. When all of the factors come together a platform type structure is created then initiation can start. The official start of initiation comes when the RNA polymerase reads a specific [[start codon in the DNA|Start codon]]. As initiation begins, the DNA is unzipped to be read and then re-zipped inside the platform. At the same time, the reading from the DNA then signals different complementary ribonucleotides to create the mRNA strand. Once the strand of mRNA starts to lengthen then the term elongation can be used. As elongation continues, there will be a time at which a stop codon will be read by the the RNA polymerase and signal termination of the transcription process. Once this happens the transcription factors and RNA polymerase will stop the process and break away from the DNA strand. Also the newly made mRNA will be capped with a 5' end but also adds a 3' poly A tail. The unused portions of the code are cut off in splicing. This process is shown in the video and image below.\n\n\n<html><object width="420" height="315"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube-nocookie.com/v/QdRQ4aljE-w?hl=en_US&version=3&rel=0"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube-nocookie.com/v/QdRQ4aljE-w?hl=en_US&version=3&rel=0" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="420" height="315" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true"></embed></object></html>\n\n<html><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/104452537@N03/10122614094/" title="Zach first by eekaner, on Flickr"><img src="http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5349/10122614094_85e8296f6a.jpg" width="286" height="485" alt="Zach first"></a></html>\n\nOnce all has been finished then the end result will look similar to the image below.\n\n<html><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/104452537@N03/10123053136/" title="zach6 by eekaner, on Flickr"><img src="http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7360/10123053136_337160fc7a.jpg" width="311" height="448" alt="zach6"></a></html>\n\nFinally, in the end, the mRNA is sent for [[translation|After transcription]] to create a specific protein. The following video is an overview of transcription.\n\n<html><iframe width="640" height="390" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/SMtWvDbfHLo" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></html>\n\nFrom here you may:\n\n* [[Go to the Translation room|Translation]]\n* [[Go to the Protein room|Protein]]\n* [[Go to the Gene Regulation room|Gene Regulation]]\n* [[Go to the Genetic Code room|Genetic Code]]\n* [[Go back to the Great Hall of the Central Dogma|Central Dogma]]\n
As the amino acids are formed from the genetic code they are linked together to form proteins. The type of protein is determined by the order of the codons. To learn more about proteins [[visit the Protein room|Protein]] or to learn more about the structure of protein [[visit the Structure exhibit within the Protein room|Structure]].\n\nYou may also [[return to the Genetic Code room|Genetic Code]].
Thank you for joining us on our journey through The Museum of Gene Expression. We hope that you enjoyed the tour. Maybe we will see you again someday when the Earth Park is built with the real life Museum of Gene Expression inside of it. Until then, you may always come back to tour our virtual museum by clicking the Restart Story button in the upper right hand part of your computer screen or the refresh button in your browser.
The three steps of the Central Dogma are replication, transcription and translation. To learn more about the Central Dogma visit the [[Great Hall of the Central Dogma|Central Dogma]] and to learn more about translation visit the [[Translation room|Translation]].\n\nYou may also return to the [[Transcription room|Transcription]].
Welcome to the Genetic Code room. This room is based off of the research done by the 2013 Biology 2 students Ellen Kane and Micky Lindsay.\n\nDeoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) houses the code for genetic material. DNA is comprised of four different nucleotides put together in specfic orders. The four different nucleotides are Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T). The order of the nucleotides is what carries the specific genetic information. The information read off of DNA is first rewritten into mRNA through [[transcription|Transcription.]] and then understood using triplets made up of three nucleotides. This is shown in the image below.\n\n<html><img style="-webkit-user-select: none" src="http://www.nature.com/scitable/content/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/7447898/EssGen1-5_Codons-to-AA-V2.jpg"></html>\n \nThese groups of nucleotides are rewritten into mRNA codons through the process called transcription. The parent strand differs from the transcript in such a way that the latter is single stranded. Another difference is due to the fact that Thymine transcribes into Uracil in the mRNA. The next step in using the genetic code is translation. In translation, [[all codons represent an amino acid.|translation]] The nucleotide letters of the codon are read through a 3 dimension chart called the coding dictionary shown in the image below. This dictonary also includes the polarity of the amino acids.\n\n<html><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/104452537@N03/10129941074/" title="1 by eekaner, on Flickr"><img src="http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5476/10129941074_31c3746d26.jpg" width="500" height="321" alt="1"></a></a></html>\n\nAnother version of the coding dictionary includes the molecular structure of each amino acid to allow the reader to better understand the polarity. This dictionary is shown below.\n\n<html><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/GeneticCode21-version-2.svg"></html>\n\n\nWhen this chart is followed, the amino acids that each codon represents can be found. The following video shows how to use the genetic coding dictionary.\n\n<html><iframe width="640" height="390" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/Gn4ggBQ0VQo" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></html>\n\nAny triplet will only code a single amino acid. Any amino acid can have multiple mRNA codons to code for it. The code for protein synthesis also contains start and stop codons (AUG / UAA, UAG, UGA). In any instance of transcription, a single nucleotide will only be part of one codon and in turn code for a single amino acid. When the codons of the genetic code are all translated into amino acids they become [[proteins|Protein.]].\n\n\nIn certain instances the genetic code can become mutated, this normally will not cause life harming changes to proteins that are synthesized. In many cases a single nucleotide changing face value doesn't change the protein that is coded for. However, in some instances, a mutation has drastic effects. If any amino acid is replaced with one of a differing polarity or charge the resulting protein can become misshapen synonyms to the effects [[sickle cell anemia|SCA]].\n\nFrom here you may:\n\n* [[Go to the Transcription room|Transcription]]\n* [[Go to the Translation room|Translation]]\n* [[Go to the Protein room|Protein]]\n* [[Go to the Gene Regulation room|Gene Regulation]]\n* [[Go back to the Central Dogma|Central Dogma]]
After the process of transcription is complete, the mRNA leaves the nucleus and translation can begin in the ribosome. To learn more about the process of translation, visit the [[Translation room|Translation]].\n\nYou may also return to the [[Transcription room|Transcription]].
Welcome to the Museum of Gene Expression, today you will be guided along the six rooms shown on this map of the museum. \n\n<html><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/104452537@N03/10131979873/" title="I'm a map by eekaner, on Flickr"><img src="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3826/10131979873_794da9dcac.jpg" width="500" height="432" alt="I'm a map"></a></html>\n\n\nThe first room you will enter is the Great Hall of the Central Dogma which houses an overview of gene expression. From there, you are able to enter any of the subsequent rooms. In order to accurately tie the information found in the rooms together, we have designed the museum in the shape of a hexagon with the Central Dogma in the center. From there, each of the outer rooms elaborates on a portion of the central dogma. Within the rooms, you may also travel to other rooms based upon the information that you find. If you see a blue piece of information, you may click on it and be led to the exhibit where the information will be elaborated upon. [[Continue forward to enter the Great Hall of the Central Dogma|Central Dogma]]
Eukryotic gene regulation is different than gene regulation found in prokaryotes. The exhibit details gene regulation in eukryotes. (Be sure to watch the video and scroll through the entire sidebar. You will also need to load the Zooburst in the bottom right hand corner. Once the Zooburst is loaded, you can click on the pictures with and exclamation mark above them to view the information put there. When you wish to see a different picture and it's information, you will have to drag the screen either clockwise or counterclockwise. There are four pictures with information in the Zooburst. Be sure to click the arrow in the top right corner to see the second page of the exhibit.)\n\n<html><a href='https://simplebooklet.com' target='_blank' style='position: absolute; left: -9999px; border:0px; padding:0px; margin:0px;'>simplebooklet.com</a><iframe src='https://simplebooklet.com/embed.php?wpKey=BuZ2EopjAfePyn6OKpqb43' width='948' height='1220' style='border: 0px; overflow: hidden;' scrolling='no'></iframe></html>\n\nIf you wish to further explore the topics in our eukaryotic gene regulation exhibit, you can also learn more about alternative splicing and template binding in the [[Transcription room|Transcription]], [[translation in the Translation room|Translation]], how proteins are formed in the [[Protein room|Protein]], the structure of proteins in the [[Structure of Proteins exhibit|Structure]] or about the \ncentral dogma in the [[Great Hall of the Central Dogma|Central Dogma]].\n\nAs you can see from the list above, genetic regulation is relate to every part of the central dogma. It doesn't play into something directly, it is affected by the regulation of any of the steps before it. An example is the [[genetic code|Genetic Code]]. It does not appear to have any relation to gene regulation, but if a certain gene is not transcribed or translated, the genetic code will never come into play for that gene. This is why this is the last room in the Museum of Gene Expression. The central dogma and all its components are the mechanism of gene expression, but gene regulation is what determines how it works.\n\nFrom here you may [[return to Gene Regulation|Gene Regulation]].\n\nIf you are completed with your journey you may [[Exit the Museum of Gene Expression|Exit]].\n
The start codon is the group of three nucleotides that signal the beginging of the code that is rewritten during transcription. To learn more about the start codon visit the [[Genetic Code room|Genetic Code]]\n\nOr you may return to the [[Transcription room|Transcription]].
Transcription is the second step in the Central Dogma. To learn more about transcription go the the [[Transcription room|Transcription]].\n\nYou may also return to the [[Great Hall of the Central Dogma|Central Dogma]].
Sickle-Cell Anemia is a genetic disease that affects millions. The cause, however, is a simple substitution mutation in the genetic code from a mistake in [[transcription|Transcription]]. Someone with both normal hemoglobin genes is HbA HbA . Someone with one normal gene and one sickle cell anemia gene is HbA HbS and is a called a sickle cell carrier and under stress can still show signs of sickle cell trait. Someone who has two sickle cell anemia genes is HbS HbS and under little stress will feel the debilitating effects of sickle cell anemia. The mutation is more prevalent in people of African descent. Even though people of African descent are more prone to sickle-cell anemia, carrying the gene does have one upside. Those who have sickle cell disease or are a carrier are immune to Malaria. As people without this trait died from Malaria the percentage of people that are carriers or have the disease increased because they lived to pass their genes to the next generation. Having one of each gene is best because you are protected from Malaria and you don\s't experience the effects of sickle cell disease unless under a lot stress.\n\n<html><img style="-webkit-user-select: none" src="http://www.ptbeach.com/cms/lib02/NJ01000839/Centricity/Domain/113/sickle.gif"></html>\n\nNow lets take a look at the mutation on the gene. The 7th codon in DNA should be CTT but is instead CAT. When the mistake is transcribed into mRNA it is GUA instead of GAA. When we look at the [[genetic coding dictionary|central Dogma]] in [[translation|Translation.]] the result is Glutamic acid in place of Valine. Glutamic acid is a polar amino acid and it is replaced with nonpolar Valine. The polarity affects the structure which can inhibit the function of the protein. The structure of the beta-chains is unstable and collapses under stress. This prevents it from being able to hold the oxygen it needs to take to the cells in the body.\n\n<html><img style="-webkit-user-select: none" src="http://carnegiescience.edu/first_light_case/horn/lessons/images/red%20blood%20cells.JPG"></html>\n\nWhen the structure collapses under stress it results in rigid crescent-shaped blood cells. Embryos have hemoglobin gower that uses zeta and epsilon chains. In a fetus the hemoglobin gower changes from zeta and epsilon chains to hemoglobin-F contains alpha and gamma chains. Scientists are working on a cure which would turn off the sickle cell anemia genes to go back to the nonsickle cell genes found in the embryo that are turned off when we are born.\n\n\n* [[Go to the Gene Regulation room|Gene Regulation]]\n* [[Go to the Genetic Code room|Genetic Code]]\n* [[Go to the Transcription room|Transcription]]\n* [[Go to the Translation room|Translation]]\n* [[Go back to the Great Hall of the Central Dogma|Central Dogma]]
To learn more about the lac operon and gene regulation [[visit the Gene Regulation room|Gene Regulation]].\n\nYou may also [[return to the Protein room|Protein]].
Welcome to the Great Hall of the Central Dogma. This room's research is based upon the research of 2013 Biology 2 student Andrew Robertson. \n\nThere are three main parts of the central dogma. They include replication, [[transcription|transcription]], and [[translation|Translation]]. This is the process of transferring DNA to RNA and then to proteins for the body to use. In replication of DNA, the main parent strand of DNA loads into multiple enzymes: DNA polymerase, DNA primase, Helicase, RNA Primase and DNA ligase. Other parts in DNA Replication are RNA Primer, Leading strand, and Lagging strand. \n\n<html><img style="-webkit-user-select: none" src="http://jeanne-kelly.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/ch5f1.jpg"></html>\n\nThe first enzyme to process the DNA strand is the enzyme helicase which separates the DNA into two single strands called the leading strand and the lagging strand. After being split, many binding proteins arrive to help prime the DNA. The leading strand is continuously replicated. Whereas the lagging strand has to be cut into sections to be copied in the correct direction. These sections are called Okazaki fragments after the husband and wife who discovered them. The DNA is able to replicate when DNA polymerase III lays down the new DNA after the RNA primer is in place. Polymerase I then replaces the RNA primer and DNA Ligase allows the Okasaki Fragments to go through their more complicated version of repliction. If the DNA contains faults when it replicates, there is a chance that the gene cannot be [[regulated|Gene Regulation]] causing a mutation.\n\nDNA is used in the process of transcription which allows the synthesis of mRNA. This is done through the subtraction of the non-coding portion of RNA. One percent of the DNA is transcribed into mRNA. Messenger RNA is single stranded unlike DNA which is a double stranded helix. \n\nAfter transcription, the mRNA leaves the nucleus in order to bind with the small subunit of the ribosome and then the larger subunit. Methionine(codon AUG) is the amino acid which initiates protein synthesis. Each tRNA represents [[one triplet of nucleotides|Genetic Code]] which is the codon used to create a specific amino acid. The process of adding amino acids continues until all the codons in the mRNA have been translated into amino acids which form a polypeptide chain. Then, [[polypeptide synthasis occurs|Protein]] and the protein is complete. The following video summarizes the central dogma.\n\n<html><iframe width="640" height="390" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/9kOGOY7vthk" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></html>\n\nNow that you have a basis of knowledge of the central dogma, you are free to explore the museum as you wish. Enjoy your tour. \n\n* [[Go to the Genetic Code room|Genetic Code]]\n* [[Go to the Transcription room|Transcription]]\n* [[Go to the Translation room|Translation]] \n* [[Go to the Protein room|Protein]]\n* [[Go to the Gene Regulation room|Gene Regulation]]\n
Transcription factors are also used in Gene Regulation. To learn more, visit the [[Gene Regulation room|Gene Regulation]]\n\nYou may also return to the [[Transcription room|Transcription]].
Welcome to the Translation room. This room is based off of the research of 2013 Biology 2 student Josaline Snyder. \n\nTranslation is the final step in completing the [[Central Dogma|central dogma.]]. Translation is different in Eukaryotes than it is in prokaryotes. For starters, eukaryotic ribosomes are larger than prokaryotic ribosomes. They consist of a large subunit and a small subunit, which come together to form a larger particle than that of the prokaryotic ribosome. This is shown in the image below. \n\n<html><img style="-webkit-user-select: none; cursor: -webkit-zoom-in;" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ribosome_mRNA_translation_en.svg/651px-Ribosome_mRNA_translation_en.svg.png" width="633" height="447"></html>\n\nIn eukaryotes, the initiating amino acid is methionine. In prokaryotes a special tRNA participates in initiation. This aminoacyl-tRNA is called Met-tRNAi or Met-tRNAf (the subscript "i" stands for initiation, and "f" indicates that it can be formylated in vitro).\n\nThe initiating codon in eukaryotes is always AUG. In prokaryotes, the AUG nearest the 5' end of mRNA is usually selected as the start site. A ribosome attaches to the cap at the 5' end of eukaryotic mRNA and searches for an AUG codon by moving step-by-step in the 3' direction. This scanning process in eukaryotic protein synthesis is powered by helicases that uses ATP. Pairing of the anticodon of Met-tRNAi with the AUG codon of mRNA signals that the target has been found. In almost all cases, eukaryotic mRNA has only one start site and hence is the [[template for a single protein|Proteins.]]. In contrast, a prokaryotic mRNA can have multiple start sites and it can serve as a template for the synthesis of several proteins. Eukaryotes utilize many more initiation factors than prokaryotes do. The difference in the initiation mechanism of prokaryotes and eukaryotes is a based on the difference in RNA processing. The 5' end of mRNA is available to ribosomes immediately after transcription in prokaryotes. Where in eukaryotes, pre-mRNA must be processed and transported to the cytoplasm from the nucleus before translation is initiated. Because of this, there is plenty of chances for the formation of secondary structures. The 5' cap provides a recognizable starting point.\n\n<html><img style="-webkit-user-select: none; cursor: -webkit-zoom-in;" src="http://mcat-review.org/translation-initiation1.gif" width="393" height="426"></html>\n\nChain elongation begins with the binding of tRNA using the transcription factor EF-Tu. In site A, tRNA recognizes the next codon in the mRNA and binds to the ribosome. Then, the polypeptide chain moves through the ribosome until it meets peptidyl-transferase center between sites A and P where a peptide bond is formed between the amino acids.The ribosome then moves to the next codon. Elongation factor G is used as a promoter during this process. As the chain moves deacylated tRNA is released from the E site. This process continues until the polypeptide chain is complete and ended with a stop codon. This process is shown in the image below.\n\n<html><img style="-webkit-user-select: none; cursor: -webkit-zoom-in;" src="http://barleyworld.org/sites/default/files/figure-09-15b.jpg" width="607" height="447"></html>\n\nAfter elongation is complete, termination occurs. In termination, a release factor causes the peptide chain to be detached from the tRNA. This completes polypeptide synthesis. First the polypeptide is released and then the tRNA is released. The final step in termination is when the two ribosomal subunits and the mRNA dissociate.The begining of termination is shown in the image below.\n\n<html><img style="-webkit-user-select: none" src="http://utminers.utep.edu/rwebb/assets/images/17.17_Termination_of_transla.jpg"></html>\n\n\nSome similarities between transcription and translation are that they both involve [["reading" nucleic acid|Genetic Code..]] and they both involve enzymes that take various "building blocks" and use them to string together a macro molecule.\nRegulation of transcription in eukaryotes is a result of the combined effects of structural properties (how DNA is "packaged") and the interactions of proteins called transcription factors. The most important structural difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA is the formation of chromatin in eukaryotes. Chromatin results in the different transcriptional "ground states" of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The video below shows an overview of translation.\n\n<html><iframe width="640" height="390" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/TfYf_rPWUdY" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></html>\n\n* [[Go to the Protein room|Protein]]\n* [[Go to the Gene Regulation room|Gene Regulation]] \n* [[Go to the Genetic Code room|Genetic Code]]\n* [[Go to the Transcription room|Transcription]]\n* [[Go back to the Great Hall of the Central Dogma|Central Dogma]]
To learn about positive gene regulation view the presentation below. (Click Start Prezi and then use the arrows to navigate.)\n\n<html><iframe src="http://prezi.com/embed/u88lxva8ygoa/?bgcolor=ffffff&lock_to_path=0&autoplay=0&autohide_ctrls=0&features=undefined&disabled_features=undefined" width="550" height="400" frameBorder="0"></iframe></html>\n\nTo learn about negative gene expression [[visit the Negative Gene Regulation exhibit|Negative Gene Regulation]].\n\nYou may also return to the [[Gene Regulation Room|Gene Regulation]].
The structure of proteins begins when mRNA is translated into a polypeptide chain.\n\n<html><img style="-webkit-user-select: none" src="http://images.tutorvista.com/cms/images/101/quaternary-structure-of-protein.png"></html>\n\nThe polarity of the amino acids determines the primary structure. The repeats in the polypeptide chains determine the secondary structure. These two-dimensional structures can include alpha-helices or beta-pleated sheets. Using the hydrogen bonds between amino acids, a man named Linus Pauling was able to predict the alpha-helix structure. This was later proved by x-ray crystallography. \n\n<html><img style="-webkit-user-select: none; cursor: -webkit-zoom-in;" src="https://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/MGA2-03-25.jpg" width="543" height="447"></html>\n\nAs you can see from the picture, the alpha-helix is a right-handed spiral. Beta-pleated sheets run parallel or antiparallel to each other. These are two main structures that make up many proteins. From there, the secondary structure folds over itself to create the tertiary structure. The stability of the protein is mostly determined by the primary and secondary structures and how close the tertiary structure is aligned. Amino acids that are nonpolar align to the center of the protein and polar amino acids tend to align to the outside where they can interact with water. \n\nOligomeric proteins made of multiple polypeptide chains have another level of organization called the quaternary level. The chains are referred to as monomers or subunits. One example of such a protein is Hemoglobin.\n\n<html><img style="-webkit-user-select: none" src="http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/images/hemoglobin.jpg"></html>\n\nAdult hemoglobin, HbA, contains two alpha-chains and two beta-chains. HbA2 hemoglobin has two delta-chains instead of beta-chains.\n\nAs we move through [[the Central Dogma|central Dogma]], mutations of a single nucleotide can have a large impact on the structure of the protein and its function. This is the case in [[Sickle-Cell Anemia|SCA]].
Transcription is the second step in creating proteins. To learn more about proteins visit the [[overview of protein exhibit|Protein]] or [[the structure of protein exhibit|Structure]].\n\nYou may also return to the [[Transcription room|Transcription]].
The final step in completing the central dogma is translating the mRNA into protiens. To learn more about the central dogma [[visit the Great Hall of the Central Dogma|Central Dogma]]. To learn more about the second step in the central dogma, transcription, [[visit the Transcription room|Transcription]].\n\nYou may also [[return to the Translation room|Translation]].
The Museum of Gene Expression
DNA going through translation is the second step in the Central Dogma. To learn more about the Central Dogma, [[visit the Great Hall of the Central Dogma|Central Dogma]].\n\nTo learn more about the process of translation [[visit the Translation room|Translation]].
To make the protien, the genetic code must go through the central dogma. To learn more about the genetic code, [[visit the Genetic Code room|Genetic Code]]. To learn more about the Central Dogma, [[visit the Great Hall of the Central Dogma|Central Dogma]].\n\nYou may also return to the [[Protein room|Protein]], [[the Sickle-cell Anemia exhibit|SCA]] or the [[Protein Structure exhibit|Structure]].
Welcome to the Museum of Gene Expression sponsored by the Iowa Children's Foundation and the Northeast Iowa Tourism Council. In this museum, we will teach you about the six areas of gene expression which include The Great Hall of the Central Dogma, The Genetic Code, Transcription, Translation, Protein, and Gene Regulation. We hope you enjoy our exihibits put together by the Biology 2 class of 2013. As you proceed through the museum, you will be presented with the option to choose the order of which you want to explore the rooms. We designed the museum in this manner to show how the rooms are all connected. [[Enter the Museum of Gene Expression and enjoy your tour|Entrance]].
During translation, the mRNA is interpreted into proteins using the amino acids found in the codons. To learn more about proteins, [[visit the Protein room|Protein]]. To learn more about the structure of protein, [[visit the Structure of Protein exhibit|Structure]]. To learn more about codons, [[visit the Genetic Code room|Genetic Code]].\n\nYou may also [[return to the Translation room|Translation]].
The end result of the central dogma is the formation of proteins. The third step in creating the proteins is called translation. To learn more about translation, [[visit the Translation room|Translation]]. The second step in the formation of proteins is transcription. To learn more about transcription, [[visit the Transcription room|Transcription]]. To learn more about the overall process of the central dogma, [[visit the Great Hall of the Central Dogma|Central Dogma]].\n\nYou may also [[return to the Sickle-cell Anemia exhibit|SCA]], [[the Structure of Protein exhibit|Structure]] or [[the Protein room|Protein]].
For example, the codon AUG is rewritten into the amino acid methionine through transcription. To learn more about how the codons are transcribed [[visit the Transcription room|Transcription]].\n\nYou may also [[return to the Genetic Code room|Genetic Code]].
Welcome to the Gene Regulation room. This room is based off of the research of 2013 Biology 2 student Sydney Litterer.\n\nThe functions of genes vary according to the cellular environment. The process of regulating the expression of genes is called gene regulation. The way a gene is regulated can determine whether the rest of the central dogma can occur.\n\nTo explain gene regulation in prokaryotes we will use the bacteria E. Coli. The part of the E. Coli DNA we will study is the lac operon. An operon is a cluster of adjacent genes that perform similar regulatory functions. The lac operon is made up of genes that code for proteins that assist in the breaking down of lactose sugar. Lactose is one molecule that can be used as food for the cell. Glucose is another. However, glucose can be directly used by the cell, while lactose must be broken down into two components, glucose and galactose. Because lactose must be processed before it can be used, the default for normal cells is glucose. \nThis preference raises some problems. It would be inefficient for lactose to be processed if glucose is present, yet there must be genes providing for the breakdown of lactose on the DNA for lactose to ever be broken down. This is where gene regulation provides the solution. There are two types of regulation that occur on the lac operon- positive and negative.\n\nTo learn more about negative gene regulation [[visit the Negative Gene Regulation exhibit|Negative Gene Regulation]]. To learn more about positive gene regulation [[visit the Positive Gene Regulation exhibit|Positive Gene Regulation]].\n\nThe following video will wrap up gene regulation in prokaryotes.\n\n<html><iframe width="640" height="390" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/JcKxOj6YZu4" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></html>\n\nThe simplest type of gene regulation occurs in prokaryotic cells. However, humans are eukaryotes, so we encourage you to [[look at our exhibit for gene regulation in eukaryotic organisms|Eukaryotic Gene Regulation]].
To learn about negative gene regulation view the presentation below. (Click Start Prezi and then use the arrows to navigate.)\n\n<html><iframe src="http://prezi.com/embed/u5nz7tsrphkw/?bgcolor=ffffff&lock_to_path=0&autoplay=0&autohide_ctrls=0&features=undefined&disabled_features=undefined" width="550" height="400" frameBorder="0"></iframe>\n</html>\n\nTo learn about positive gene regulation [[visit the Postive Gene Regulation exhibit|Positive Gene Regulation]]. \n\nYou may also [[return to the Gene Regulation room|Gene Regulation]].
Created by Mr. Fetter's 2013 Biology 2 students: Ellen Kane, Austin Sack, Zach Meyer, Micky Lindsay, Sydney Litterer, Andrew Robertson and Josaline Snyder.
Welcome to the protein room. This room is based off of the research of 2013 Biology 2 student Austin Sack.\n\nA protein is a string of amino acids in a polypeptide chain that has been bent and folded in a way that allows the protein to carry out it's job. The structure of proteins is extremely important to their function. An important example of how the structure of a protein affects the function found in the digestion of lactose in bacteria. When a protein is phosphorylated in the activated protein, it can initiate the synthesis of proteins such as those made by the [[lac operon|lac operon]]. Two proteins used in the regulation of the lac operon are called the Catabolite Activator Protein (CAP) and Cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP). When they activate, CAP and cAMP change shapes from their original form. When lactose is present in a bacterial cell, it binds to lactase and changes the protein through a process called allosteric regulation. Allosteric regulation is when a protein's activity is enhanced. Through this process these proteins allow lactose to be broken down when the bacterial cell requires it.\n\nFrom here we will go in to the structure of proteins and their fucntion.\n\n[[Continue on to the structure of Proteins|Structure]].